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| Physics 12th Chapter 21 - Nuclear Physics |
Physics 12th Chapter 21 - Nuclear Physics Solved MCQs, Important Short Questions and Long Questions Bank
MCQs
Please select the right answer.
1. 1 amu is equal to
2. 1 amu is equal to
3. A Curie represents a very strong source of
4. A high potential difference of… is used in G.M counter
5. A large amount of energy can be obtained when:
6. A mass spectrograph sorts out
7. A naturally occurring disintegration involving the emission of high energy electrons is called:
8. A pair of quark and antiquark makes:
9. A particle having the mass of an electron and having the charge of a proton is called
10. A solid state detector is basically:
11. Absorbed Dose ""D"" is defined as:
12. After two half-lives the number of decayed nuclei of an element are
13. Alpha particles are
14. An apparatus used to determine the masses of protons, nuclei, ions and to detect the isotopes is:
15. Artificial radio activity is:
16. Artificial radioactivity was discovered by:
17. At higher energies more than 02 MeV, the dominant process is:
18. Atomic theory was announced in 1808 by:
19. Atoms of an element whose atomic number are the same but have different mass numbers are called:
20. Beta particle ionizes an atom due to
21. Beta particles posses greater penetration power than that of alpha particles due to its
22. Binding energy for deuteron nucleus is given by
23. Both Xenon and cesium have
24. By emitting β- particle and ɣ- Particle simultaneously the nucleus changes its charge by:
25. By passing an electric discharge through a gas at low pressure, the electron was discovered:
26. Capture of a neutron by a nucleus results in the formation of
27. Certain radiation detector makes use of the fact that super saturated vapors condense preferentially on ions this type of detector is called:
28. Chadwick discovered neutron by the study of scattering of particulars from
29. Charge on an electron is
30. Charge on an electron was determined by:
31. Charge on neutron is
32. Circulation Blood can be studied by using Radioactive Isotope:
33. Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays of energy
34. Cobalt-60 is the source for
35. Coloured tv and micro wave oven emits
36. Controlled fission chain reaction is maintained in a
37. Curie is a unit of
38. Dr. Abdus salam unified electromagnetic force and
39. During fission process, a large amount of
40. During fusion of hydrogen into helium:
41. Energy emitted when one atom of ₉₂U²³⁵ undergoes fission reaction is:
42. Examples of radiation detector case:
43. Extremely penetrating particles are:
44. Fission chain reaction is controlled by
45. Fluorescence is the property of:
46. For an atom having atomic mass A and atomic number Z, the number of neutrons in the nucleus is:
47. Gamma rays are
48. Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves like
49. Gamma rays are emitted by de-excitation of
50. Gamma rays consist of a stream of
51. Gamma rays from cobalt-60 are used for the treatment of
52. Gamma rays have penetration power
53. Geiger counter is a device to detect
54. Geiger counter was designed by
55. Geiger Muller counter is widely used:
56. Gieger Muller counter always uses
57. I amu is equal to:
58. In an electronic transition, atom cannot emit:
59. In equation I = Io eux , the symbol represents:
60. In fission reaction, heavy water is used as:
61. In G.M, counter, the cylinder is dilled with mixture of gases:
62. In liquid metal fast breeder reactors, the type of uranium used is
63. In sold state detector, the energy needed to produce an electron hole pair is about:
64. In solid-state detector, the reverse bias is applied through the two:
65. In the unit of unified mass scale, The mass of an electron is:
66. In Wilson cloud chamber x-particle leave:
67. In Wilson Cloud chamber, the ∝-particle leave:
68. In Wilson Cloud chamber, the ß-particle leave:
69. In Wilson cloud chamber, we use
70. Iodine-131 is used for the treatment of
71. Isobars have the same
72. Leptons are particles that do not experience
73. Low level radiations effects:
74. Marie curie and Pierre curie discovered two new radioactive elements which are:
75. Mass defect per nucleon is called
76. Mass of electron is:
77. Mass of meson is
78. Mass of neutron is
79. Mass of proton is
80. Mass spectrograph is used for identification of:
81. Materials can be identified by measuring their:
82. Neutron was discovered in 1932 by:
83. Neutrons and protons in the nucleus are together called
84. Neutrons and protons in the Nucleus are together called:
85. Nuclear fission reaction can be produced in ₉₂U²³⁸ by:
86. Nuclei of different elements are identified by
87. Nuclei of an element having same charge number but different mass number are called:
88. Numbers of isotopes of Neon gas are
89. One joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of a body is:
90. One unified mass scale is equal to
91. Positrons are prepared in a process of
92. Proton was discovered by Rutherford in:
93. Radio activity was discovered by:
94. Radioactivity happen due to the disintegration of:
95. Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by
96. Rate of decay is actually described by:
97. Rutherford bombarded a thin sheet of gold with
98. Rutherford determined the size of nucleus to be equal to:
99. Specially designed solid state detector can be used to detect
100. Strong nuclear force acts on:
101. Structure of Nucleus successfully explained by:
102. Sub atomic particles are divide into
103. The activity of radioactive sample:
104. The amount of energy required to break the nucleus is called
105. The atomic bomb is an example of
106. The average amount of energy to remove one nucleon from the nucleus is called:
107. The average of the background radiation to which we are exposed:
108. The back ground radiation to which we are exposed on the average per year is
109. The background radiations that we are exposed per year on the average is
110. The beta particles have_____ path
111. The binding energy of deutron is:
112. The binding energy per nucleon is
113. The building blocks of protons and neutrons are called:
114. The capture of a neutron by a nucleus results in the formation of:
115. The chain reaction is controlled by a series of rods usually made of:
116. The charge number of ₅₆B¹⁴¹ is
117. The charge on electron was experimentally determined by Millikan in:
118. The counter which also provide the power to the G.M tube is called:
119. The decay constant of a radioactive element depends upon
120. The distance at which the radioactive particle comes to rest after emitting from a source is called:
121. The early Greeks believed that matter waves was:
122. The electron was discovered by J.J Thomson by passing an electric discharge through:
123. The element formed by radioactive decay is called
124. The elements showing radioactivity have atomic number ‘Z’
125. The energy released by fusion of two deuterons into a helium nucleus is about
126. The energy released during fission process is controlled in:
127. The energy required to breaks up helium nuclear into two protons and two neutron is:
128. The example of fusion reaction is
129. The first artificially produced nuclear transmutation was studied by:
130. The first atomic reactor was introduced by:
131. The half life of a radio-active element is given by
132. The half life of I131 is;
133. The half life of radioactive elements depends upon what among the following:
134. The half life of radium-225 is:
135. The half life of uranium 238 is:
136. The interaction of different radiation with matter depends upon:
137. The isotope 1H1 contains:
138. The Isotopes of hydrogen are:
139. The magnitude of range of radiation particle through matter depends upon:
140. The main source of energy in the stars and the sun is due to:
141. The mass and charge of an ∝-particle is:
142. The mass number of a nucleus is the number of:
143. The mass of beta particles is equal to that of
144. The mass of fissionable material needed for self sustaining chain reaction is called:
145. The mass of positron is same as that of
146. The mass of β-particle is equal to mass of:
147. The moderator used in a nuclear reactor will be:
148. The most useful tracer is
149. The most useful tracer isotope for the treatment of Thyroid gland is:
150. The nucleus consists of
151. The number of neutrons in the nucleus of ₃Li⁷ are
152. The number of Neutrons in ₉₂U²³⁸ is:
153. The number of protons in an atom are always equal to number of
154. The number of Quark is
155. The numbers of neutrons in Li are
156. The numbers of protons in any atom are always equal to the number of:
157. The particle which is 7000 times heavier than the electron is called:
158. The particles equal in mass but greater than proton are
159. The particles equal in mass or greater than protons are called
160. The phenomenon of nuclear fission is used in the construction of:
161. The process in which a heavy nucleus is broken into two intermediate nuclei with the release of energy is called
162. The process in which a heavy nucleus is broken into two lighter nuclei with the release of energy in called:
163. The process in which two or more lighter nuclei combine together to form heavier nuclei with release of energy is called:
164. The process of nuclear fission was explained by:
165. The product of the fission reaction of uranium named barium and krypton have a total mass equal to:
166. The rate of decay of radioactive substance:
167. The ratio of the mass of nucleus and the total mass of all the constituents making the nucleus is always:
168. The reciprocal of decay constant of a radioactive element is
169. The SI unit of decay constant is:
170. The SI unit of radiation dose is:
171. The substances which slow down the speed of neutron produced during a fission reaction are called:
172. The term “dead time” in G.M counter means the time or the order of:
173. The time taken for a radioactive element to decay to half of its original number of atoms is called:
174. The total energy transferred to a body by means of radiation is measured is units of:
175. The value of 1 u mass =
176. The wavelength of -rays is:
177. Three up quarks combine to make a new particle, the charge number on this particle is
178. Thyroid cancer is cured by
179. Thyroid glands play major role in distribution of
180. Tick the correct statement
181. To allow the entry of a or Il-particles, one end of the Geiger counter tube vas a:
182. Two down and one up quarks make:
183. Unified mass scale means that atomic mass is expressed in:
184. Uranium bomb depends on the process of:
185. When a certain radiation passes through matters it lose energy due to:
186. When a nucleus emits an alpha particle, its atomic number decreases by
187. When a nucleus emits an ∝-particle, its mass number drops by:
188. When an alpha particle collides with an atom of a gas, it knocks out
189. When ∝-particle is emitted from any nucleus, its mass number____ and its charge number____
190. When ɣ-rays are emitted, the nuclear mass
191. When nitrogen is bombard by Alpha, particles, then nitrogen nuclei change into
192. When radioactive nucleus emits a ß-particle, the proton- neutron ratio
193. Which one of the following is not affected by the electric or magnetic field
194. Which nuclear reaction takes place in the sun and stars
195. Which of following has no change?
196. Which of the following are elementary particles?
197. Which of the following belong are leptons
198. Which of the following have no charge
199. Which of the following have similar nature as that of electrons:
200. Which of the following is similar to electron?
201. Which of the following statement is correct
202. Which of the following will be better shield against gamma rays
203. Which of the followings are not hadrons?
204. Which one belongs to Lepton's group?
205. Which particle has large range in air:
206. Wilson cloud chamber is a device used as:
207. Wilson cloud chamber is an instrument used for
208. β-particles are
Short Questions
1. ₉₂U²³⁸ emits an alpha particle what still be the new element formed?
2. A nuclide ₈₆Rn²²² decays to a new nuclide ‘X’ by two - emission and two β – emission. What is the new nuclide?
3. A particle which produces more ionization is less penetrating. Why?
4. After four half – lives what percent of sample remains?
5. Define decay constant ?
6. Define radioactivity?
7. Describe the principle of operation of a solid state detector of ionizing radiation in terms of generation and detection of change carriers?
8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of fusion power from the point of view safety, pollution and resources?
9. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power compared to the use of fossil fuel generated power?
10. Do , β and λ rays comes from the same element? Why do we find all three in many radioactive elements?
11. Electrostatic forces of repulsion between protons, in a nucleus, tend to make the nucleus unstable. Inspite of this the nucleus is stable why is it so ?
12. Explain how a nuclear reactor produces heat as a result of fission?
13. Explain how α – and β – particles may ionize an atom without directly hitting the electrons? What is the difference in the action of the two particles for producing ionization?
14. Find the number of neutrons and protons in ₉₂U²³⁸?
15. For what purpose alcohol or bromine is mixed with principle gas in Geiger tube?
16. Give a brief account of interaction of various types of radiation with matter?
17. Give the mathematical relation for the half life of a radioactive element ?
18. Give the mathematical relation for the half life of a radioactive element ?
19. Give the uses of nuclear radiation on Radiation Therapy?
20. Give two properties of ∝-particles ?
21. Give two properties of neutrons when they interact with the matter?
22. Give two properties of β-particles ?
23. Give two properties of λ-ray ?
24. Give two uses of radio isotopes ?
25. How a radioisotopes be used the determine the effectiveness of a fertilizer?
26. How can radioactive help in the treatment of cancer?
27. How do λ rays differ from X- rays?
28. How does Cl³⁶ differ from Cl³⁷? Why are they considered to be chemically identical even through their nuclei are not the same?
29. How many photons, neutrons and electrons are there in nucleus of ₈₆Rn²²²?
30. How much is a nucleon heavier than electron ?
31. How much mass may be concentrated in the nucleus of atom?
32. How one isotope of an element differs from the other isotope of the same element ?
33. How the isotopes of an element can be separated individually from an element ?
34. How the nucleus of represented ?
35. If a nucleus has half life of one year does this mean that it will completely decay after two years?
36. If you swallowed an α-source and β – source, with would be the more dangerous to you? Explain why?
37. Is it possible that fusion of two small nuciel may accur without collision at extremely high enrgy?
38. It is more difficult to start a fusion reaction than a fission reaction. Why?
39. It is said that nuclear energy is raw heat energy. How heat is produced in a nuclear reactor?
40. Name the element having maximum binding energy?
41. Nuclear energy released under fusion reaction is greater than what is obtained under fission reaction, although release the nuclear energy per fission is 200 Mev as compared to 25 Mev per fusion reaction. Comment?
42. Radium has a half life of 1600 years. How much of 60 gm Radium would be left after 4800 years
43. Shows that 1 amu = 931 Mev?
44. The nucleus of nitrogen contain 9 neutrons. Find its charge number and its number is 16?
45. Water is the batter shield against neutrons than lead? Explain. Why?
46. What are isotopes? What do you they have in common and what are their differences?
47. What are nucleons ?
48. What are radiation detectors?
49. What are stable nuclei ?
50. What are the Atomic Number of He3 and He4?
51. What are the uses of nuclear radiation in medical diagnostics and treatments?
52. What are the uses of Nuclear Reactor?
53. What are transuranic elements ?
54. What do you mean by the term critical mass?
55. What does the name LMFBR stand for?
56. What doo you understand by background radiation? State two sources of this radiation?
57. What factors makes a fusion reaction difficult to achieve?
58. What fraction of a radioactive sample decays after two half lives have elapsed?
59. What information is revealed by the length and shape of the tracks of an incident particle in Wilson cloud chamber?
60. What is a y-decay ?
61. What is a y-ray ?
62. What is an ∝-decay ?
63. What is daughter element ?
64. What is half life of a radioactive element ?
65. What is mass defect?
66. What is meant by mass energy equation ?
67. What is meant by the nuclear exposure? What are the major factors contributing towards nuclear exposure?
68. What is nuclear physics ?
69. What is nucleus ?
70. What is radiation tracer? (b). Describe one application each in medicine agriculture and industry?
71. What is radio isotope ?
72. What is radioactive decay ?
73. What is the basic structure of a solid state detector?
74. What is the mass defect for hydroaen ?
75. What is the mass of a neutron in unified mass scale?
76. What is the principle of a cloud chamber ?
77. What is the principle of Nuclear Reactor?
78. What is the size (diameter) of an atom?
79. What is the size (diameter) of nucleus ?
80. What is the unit of decay constant ?
81. What is β-decay?
82. Which elements are naturally occuring radioactive ?
83. Which of ∝, β and λ – radiation would you advise and why for?(i). Treatment of skin of a patient. (ii). Treatment of flesh just under skin. (iii). Treatment of infection in the interior of the body.
84. Which radiation does would deposit more energy to your body? (a) 10 m Gy to your hand or 1 m Gy does to your entire body?
85. Who discovered a neutron ?
86. Who discovered a positron ?
87. Who discovered a proton ?
88. Who discovered an electron ?
89. Who discovered antiproton ?
90. Who discovered natural radioactivity ?
91. Who found out the charge on an electron ?
92. Who invented cloud chamber ?
93. Why are heavy nuclei unstable?
94. Why must a Geiger Muller tube for detecting ∝– particle have a very thin window? Why does a Geiger Muller tube for detecting λ – rays not need a window at all?
95. Why neutrino releases during a β-decay ?
96. Write an application of tracer technique each in medicine, agriculture and industry?
Long Questions
1. Explain isotopes with the help of examples.
2. Define the terms mass number and atomic number. Also describe the symbolic notation of nuclei elements.
3. Describe mass spectrograph and how it can be used for the detection of isotopes.
4. What is the mass defect and binding energy?
5. What is radioactivity? Discuss emission of
6. What is the phenomenon of nuclear transmutation radio active decay?
7. What is meant by half life of radioactive element? How can it be determined from the decay of radioactive element?
8. Write a notes on the interaction of alpha, beta and gamma rays with matter.
9. Describe the principle, construction and working of Wilson Cloud Chamber.
10. What is G.M counter? Give its construction. How is it used to count the nuclear radiation?
11. What is solid state detector? Also discuss construction and working.
12. What are the nuclear reactions and conditions for the nuclear reactions?
13. Write a detailed note on nuclear fission. What is fission chain reaction? Describe uncontrolled and controlled chain reaction?
14. What is nuclear reactor? Describe the main function of its main parts.
15. Write a detailed note on radiation exposure and its damages.
16. Find the mass defect and the binding energy for tritium, if the atomic mass of tritium is 3.016049.
17. The half life of ₃₈Sr⁹¹ is 9.7 hours. Find its decay constant.
18. The element ₉₁Pa²³⁴ is unstable and decays by beta ray emission with a half life 6.66 hours. State the nuclear reaction and the daughter nuclei.
"19. Find the energy associated with the following reaction:
₇N¹⁴ + ₂He⁴ ——> ₈O¹⁷ + ₁H¹"
"20. Determine the energy associated with the following the following reaction:
₆C¹⁴ ——-> ₇N¹⁴ + ₋₁e⁰"
21. If ₉₂U²³³ decays twice by alpha emission, what is the resulting isotope?
"22. Calculate the energy (in MeV) released in the following fusion reaction:
₁H² + ₁H³ —–> ₂He³ + ₀n¹."
23. Sheet of lead 5 mm thick reducing the intensity of beam of gamma rays by a factor 0.4. Find the half value thickness of lead sheet which will reduce the intensity to half of its initial value.
24. Radiation from a point source obeys the inverse square law. If the count rate at a distance of 1m from Geiger counter is 360 counts per minute, what will be its count rate at 3m from the source?
25. A 75 kg person receives a whole body radiation dose of 24 m rad, delivered by alpha particles for which RBE factor is 12. Calculate (a) the absorbed energy in joules, and (b) the equivalent dose in rem.